In case of an animal left in charge and torn by wild beasts, the keeper was to bring the carcass in proof of the fact and disproof of his own criminality.The witnesses were the first executioners.Slanderous reports and officious witness are discouraged.False witness was punished with the penalty due to the offence which it sought to establish.The witness who withheld the truth was censured.In the case of the suspected wife, evidence besides the husbands was desired.Two witnesses at least are required to establish any charge.Among special provisions with respect to evidence are the following: ( Isaiah 8:16 Jeremiah 32:10-16 ) On the whole the law was very careful to provide and enforce evidence for all its infractions and all transactions bearing on them. ( deuteronomy 24:1 deuteronomy 24:3 ) In civil contracts, at least in later times documentary evidence was required and carefully preserved. Divorce was to be proved by a written document. ( Joshua 22:10 Joshua 22:26 Joshua 22:34 Joshua 24:26 Joshua 24:27 ) But written evidence was by no means unknown to the Jews. Joshua set up a stone as an evidence of the allegiance promised by Israel to God. ( Genesis 21:30 Genesis 31:47 Genesis 31:52 ) The tribes of Reuben and Gad raised an "altar" as a witness to the covenant between themselves and the rest of the nation. Jacob raised a heap of stones, "the heap of witness." as a boundary-mark between himself and Laban.
Among people with whom writing is not common the evidence of a transaction is given by some tangible memorial or significant ceremony: Abraham gave seven ewe-lambs to Abimelech as an evidence of his property in the well of Beersheba.
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